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Fresco painted by Giotto
Italy, 1200 To 1400 Chapter 19
The Pope was not only the spiritual leader of Europe; he
was also a secular ruler.
The special nature of Italy at this time allowed these
small independent city-states to evolve into very
powerful commercial and trading giants.
Pisa and Venice controlled the maritime lanes between
Europe and the East.
Bubonic plaque:
• Deadliest pandemics in history
• Europe – 1348 ‐ 1350
• 30% ‐60%
– Reduced Population declined from 450 million to 350‐370
million
• It is believed the plaque grew out of rat fleas
from merchant ships
• That it started in Central Asia
The response to the Black Death in Italy:
• Was a commissioning of devotional works and images.
• Religious orders became major health benefactors,
constructing hospitals and caring for the sick and dying.
• Another consequence of this plague was economic: a
lack of population led to a labor shortage.
• And, and already tense and frightened society
exacerbated the tensions between the aristocracy and
the peasants
• The rise of the vernacular language (Latin remained the
official language) allowed for the further and rapid
evolution of philosophy and intellectual conceptual
thinking to be disseminated to a broader base.
• As a consequence “Humanism” became a focus of
interest. This interest created a resurgence of interest in
the writings of Antiquity, and this, in turn, led to
recognition of scholarship.
• Scholars today differ on an exact label for 14th century
Italy. Some call this period "Late Gothic", while others
refer to this century as the “Proto-Renaissance” using
definitions stemming from France
Byzantine Style
The art, territory, history, and culture of the
Eastern Christian Empire and its capital of
Constantinople (ancient Byzantium)
The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire,
was the Roman Empire during the Middle
Ages, centered on the capital of
Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors.
• Frescoes Byzantine Empire (1164), with their
unique blend of high tragedy, gentle humanity,
and homespun realism, antcipate the
approach of Giotto and other proto‐
Renaissance Italian artists.
Notes based on information from "Art Though the Ages" by Fred S. Kleiner
As well as information taken from Wikipedia
Fresco painted by Giotto
Italy, 1200 To 1400 Chapter 19
The Pope was not only the spiritual leader of Europe; he
was also a secular ruler.
The special nature of Italy at this time allowed these
small independent city-states to evolve into very
powerful commercial and trading giants.
Pisa and Venice controlled the maritime lanes between
Europe and the East.
Bubonic plaque:
• Deadliest pandemics in history
• Europe – 1348 ‐ 1350
• 30% ‐60%
– Reduced Population declined from 450 million to 350‐370
million
• It is believed the plaque grew out of rat fleas
from merchant ships
• That it started in Central Asia
The response to the Black Death in Italy:
• Was a commissioning of devotional works and images.
• Religious orders became major health benefactors,
constructing hospitals and caring for the sick and dying.
• Another consequence of this plague was economic: a
lack of population led to a labor shortage.
• And, and already tense and frightened society
exacerbated the tensions between the aristocracy and
the peasants
• The rise of the vernacular language (Latin remained the
official language) allowed for the further and rapid
evolution of philosophy and intellectual conceptual
thinking to be disseminated to a broader base.
• As a consequence “Humanism” became a focus of
interest. This interest created a resurgence of interest in
the writings of Antiquity, and this, in turn, led to
recognition of scholarship.
• Scholars today differ on an exact label for 14th century
Italy. Some call this period "Late Gothic", while others
refer to this century as the “Proto-Renaissance” using
definitions stemming from France
Byzantine Style
The art, territory, history, and culture of the
Eastern Christian Empire and its capital of
Constantinople (ancient Byzantium)
The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire,
was the Roman Empire during the Middle
Ages, centered on the capital of
Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors.
• Frescoes Byzantine Empire (1164), with their
unique blend of high tragedy, gentle humanity,
and homespun realism, antcipate the
approach of Giotto and other proto‐
Renaissance Italian artists.
Notes based on information from "Art Though the Ages" by Fred S. Kleiner
As well as information taken from Wikipedia
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